Dental Caries: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

What Are Dental Caries?

Dental caries, also known as tooth decay or cavities, are damaged areas in the hard surface of your teeth. These spots can turn into tiny holes or openings. In fact, dental caries are one of the most common health problems worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), almost everyone will have dental caries at some point. Because dental caries can cause pain and infection, it is important to know how to spot and prevent them.

Causes of Dental Caries

Dental caries develop when bacteria in your mouth make acids that attack your teeth. Over time, these acids break down the tooth’s surface. However, several factors can increase your risk:

Eating sugary or starchy foods often

Poor brushing and flossing habits

Dry mouth or low saliva

Not getting enough fluoride

Wearing braces or dental devices that trap food

Because bacteria feed on sugars, cutting down on sweets can help lower your risk. In addition, regular brushing removes harmful bacteria.

Symptoms of Dental Caries

Dental caries symptoms can be mild at first. Sometimes, you may not notice any signs. Yet, as the decay grows, you might experience:

Toothache or pain when biting

Sensitivity to hot, cold, or sweet foods

Visible holes or pits in your teeth

Brown, black, or white spots on the tooth surface

Bad breath or a bad taste in your mouth

Because symptoms can start small, regular dental check-ups are important.

How Dental Caries Are Diagnosed

Dentists use several methods to diagnose dental caries. First, they will look at your teeth and ask about any pain or sensitivity. Next, they may use a small mirror to check hard-to-see areas. Sometimes, X-rays help spot hidden decay. In addition, your dentist may use special tools to test the tooth’s surface. Early diagnosis can prevent bigger problems later.

Treatment Options for Dental Caries

Treatment for dental caries depends on how much damage there is. Early caries may be reversed with fluoride treatments. However, if a cavity has formed, your dentist may suggest:

Fillings: Removing decay and filling the hole with a safe material

Crowns: Covering a badly damaged tooth with a cap

Root canal: Removing infected tissue if decay reaches the tooth’s center

Tooth extraction: Removing the tooth if it cannot be saved

Because early treatment is simpler, do not wait if you notice symptoms.

Prevention Tips for Dental Caries

Preventing dental caries is easier than treating them. Here are some simple tips on how to prevent dental caries:

Brush your teeth twice a day with fluoride toothpaste

Floss daily to remove food between teeth

Limit sugary snacks and drinks

Drink plenty of water, especially if it contains fluoride

Visit your dentist for regular check-ups and cleanings

Ask your dentist about dental sealants for extra protection

Because good habits start early, teach children to care for their teeth, too.

When to See a Dentist

Even if you do not have pain, it is wise to see a dentist every six months. However, you should make an appointment sooner if you notice:

Tooth pain or sensitivity

Visible holes or dark spots

Swelling or pus near a tooth

Bad breath that does not go away

Because early care can save your tooth, do not delay seeking help.

In summary, dental caries are common but preventable. With good oral care and regular dental visits, you can keep your smile healthy. Consult a dentist for personalized advice on preventing and treating dental caries.